By Nirode Massion Republished courtesy of IDN-InDepth NewsAnalysis
LONDON (IDN) – Rich countries will continue to crushingly dominate the World Bank in spite of recent shifts in countries' voting power, which have been described as "historic changes to position the poverty fighting institution for the transformed world emerging from the global crisis".
The developing countries represent over 80 per cent of the world's population and the Bank's membership. Almost all of the Bank's activities take place in those countries. Through loan repayments, they are the main financial contributors to the Bank.
In view of this, says a leading London-based think-tank, World Bank's legitimacy continues to be inhibited. Inadequate reform limits the Bank's capacity to serve the interests of developing countries, and violates democratic principles.
The 'Bretton Woods Project' (BWP) points out that high-income countries are set to hold onto over 60 per cent of voting power across the World Bank Group for at least the next five years. Middle-income countries – including global powers such as India, China and Brazil – are stuck on only around one third of the votes. Low-income countries languish on just 6 per cent, averaged across the different arms of the World Bank.
"No further reform is on the table for the next five years, so voting shares will stagnate at these inequitable levels until at least 2015," says BWP. There are plans to develop a formula to calculate voting shares in IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) and IDA (International Development Association), which would take into account countries' economic weight, donations to IDA, and contributions to the Bank's ‘development mission'.
"However, the latest reforms have set a worrying precedent. They placed a heavy emphasis on economic weight (75 per cent), followed by countries' contributions to IDA (20 per cent) – both criteria which favour rich countries. The development element was accorded a derisory five per cent, and was also partly defined by IDA contributions," the BWP analysts explain.
Nor does the Bank show any sign of adopting robust definitions of developed or developing and transition countries (DTCs). On the contrary, it says that, "changing the DTC definition before reaching equitable voting power would complicate measuring the achievement of that important objective".
At the current rate of change, it will be decades before developing countries, home to the vast majority of the world's population, even have parity of vote with developed nations, adds the analysis. "This pitiful path condemns the World Bank to illegitimacy and ineffectiveness as an institution mandated to combat poverty."
An alternative to this approach is to heed the call of the civil society groups for equal voting shares for developed and developing countries in the short term.
"This should be accompanied by a timetable for rapid further reforms, based on a formula that reflects democratic principles and has at its heart the Bank's development mandate," says the BWP.
"Also vital is an end to the outdated practice of some countries having permanent seats on the Bank's board, where European countries are particularly over-represented. These steps would put the World Bank on a far stronger footing to support development."
The Bank says that developing and transition countries will gain 3.13 per cent of the voting shares at IBRD, bringing them to 47.19 per cent. It claims that this represents a total shift of 4.59 per cent since 2008.
IBRD offers finance to middle-income countries. Voting shares are determined by countries' economic weight, their contributions to IDA, and a commitment to move over time to 'equitable voting power' between developed countries and developing or transition countries. Extra votes are being issued to certain countries in return for those countries making extra contributions to the Bank's capital.
WINNERS AND LOSERS
A closer look shows that the category of developing and transition countries, which is based on the World Economic Outlook by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), includes 16 countries that the Bank classifies as high-income economies. Among them are Saudi Arabia, Hungary and Kuwait.
These 16 countries together hold over 5 per cent of the vote. In reality then, high-income countries will cling onto almost 61 per cent of the vote, with middle-income countries getting under 35 per cent, and low-income countries on just 4.46 per cent.
The 78 countries actually eligible to borrow from IBRD will have only a third of voting power (34.1 per cent). Compare that to the more than one quarter of votes held by the 27 countries of the European Union. China and South Korea will gain more than half of the total transfer, while African countries will have a mere 0.19 per cent more.
The biggest winners: China (1.64%), South Korea (0.58%), Turkey (0.55%), Mexico (0.5%), and Singapore (0.24%). South Korea and Singapore are both high-income countries, and Mexico and Turkey are upper middle-income countries.
The biggest losers: Japan (-1.01%), UK (-0.55%), France (-0.55%), US (-0.51%), and Germany (-0.48%).
An important arm of the World Bank is IDA, which provides grants and concessional loans to the poorest countries. 79 countries, with a total population of 2.5 billion people, are eligible for IDA funding.
No new voting shares have been created for IDA. However, not all countries had taken up the full voting shares available to them, because to do so requires a financial contribution to the Bank. Four donor countries provided funds to enable poor countries to take up some of those previously unused shares, the BWP points out.
The Bank groups IDA member countries into 'Part I' or 'Part II'. Part I comprises 26 wealthy countries, and the 143 Part II members are a mix of high-, middle- and low-income countries, including Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Israel.
The Bank claims that "Part II IDA members' voting power has increased to 45.59%, as of March 2010. This represents very significant progress, up from 40.1% at the start of voice reform discussions in April 2008."
A closer look shows however that excluding high-income countries in Part II (Bahamas, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Hungary, Israel, South Korea, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Trinidad and Tobago), only 4.3 per cent of voting power at IDA has actually been transferred to developing countries. Low-income countries gained just 3.32 per cent.
High-income countries still have over 61 per cent of the votes, middle-income countries have under 28 per cent, and low-income countries have only 11 per cent. The very countries that IDA is meant to serve have the least representation.
Eleven countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have actually suffered a decline in their relative voting power. Bangladesh has lost more than the UK.
The biggest winners, says the BWP, are the Philippines (0.42%), Zimbabwe (0.34%), Algeria (0.26%), Moldova (0.25%), and Ethiopia (0.24%). Only half of the ten countries that gained most are low-income countries.
The biggest losers: the US (-1.47%), Japan (-1.09%), Germany (-0.69%), Italy (-0.34%), and France (-0.29%).
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is the private-sector arm of the World Bank Group. Voting power at the IFC is supposed to broadly reflect countries' IBRD shareholdings, but historically the IFC has been even more heavily dominated by wealthy countries. Reforms have been implemented through an increase in basic votes to all shareholders and an optional, additional contribution to the IFC's capital.
The Bank's claims that developed countries' share of the vote is said to have fallen from 66.59 per cent to 60.52 per cent, with developing and transition countries' share rising from 33.41 per cent to 39.48 per cent.
Once again, however, the use of the ‘developing and transition' country category is misleading. High-income countries have given up less than 5 per cent of their voting share – falling from over 70 per cent to 66.24 per cent. Middle-income countries will gain just over 3 per cent, putting them on 30.59 per cent.
The 0.71 per cent increase for low-income countries will give them a share of only 3.09 per cent. 46 rich countries will maintain two thirds of voting power at the IFC, leaving just one third for 136 poorer countries. This vast under-representation is particularly inappropriate given that investing in the poorest countries and ‘frontier' regions is a priority for the IFC.
The biggest losers: US (-2.63%), Germany (-0.58%), France (-0.54%), UK (-0.54%), and Italy (-0.36%).
The biggest winners are: China (1.28%), Brazil (0.62%), Saudi Arabia (0.56%), Russia (0.43%), and India (0.43%). None of the ten countries gaining most is a low-income country; four of the top ten (Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Kuwait and Japan) are high-income countries.
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