Mohammad Ismail Khan is currently the Afghan energy and water minister, but his power base is the western province of Herat.RFE/RL
RFE/RL Copyright (c) 2012. RFE/RL, Inc. Reprinted with the permission of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1201 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington DC 20036.
Former Afghan Warlord Remobilizes Militia
By Frud Bezhan November 14, 2012
In an ominous sign as international
forces draw down in Afghanistan, one of country's most powerful former
militia commanders recently issued a call to arms to his supporters.
Mohammad Ismail Khan, a former mujahedin commander in western
Afghanistan who is currently the country's energy and water minister,
told his supporters at a gathering in Herat on November 1 that they
needed to rearm to defend the country from "foreign conspirators."
Ismail Khan's announcement comes amid wavering confidence in the Afghan
government and its security forces as U.S. and NATO-led ISAF troops
prepare to leave the country. The move has fuelled fears that regional
and factional leaders could rearm, undermining support for the Afghan
government and increasing the possibility of another civil war.
Afghan lawmakers have slammed Ismail Khan's move as illegal and have
called for him to be removed from his ministerial position. Meanwhile,
officials in Herat Province say they have proof that Ismail Khan has
already begun distributing arms to his militia. Ismail Khan, who is
engaged in a power struggle with the provincial government, has refuted
the allegation and said his words were misinterpreted.
Ismail Khan said in early November it was time for the mujahedin to
rearm and succeed where foreign forces, which he described as "girls,"
had failed. He said the Herat militia, which he dubbed a "mujahedin
military wing," would help the Afghan government respond to likely
security concerns after 2014.
"The foreigners sidelined those who had fought for ages," Ismail Khan
said during his speech in Herat in November. "They collected all our
weapons, our artillery and tanks, and put them on the rubbish heap.
Instead, they brought Dutch girls, French girls, they armed American
girls.... They thought by doing this they would bring security here, but
they failed."
Ismail Khan added he had the full backing of Afghan President Hamid
Karzai. He said the Herat militia was just the start of a new
remobilization of former mujahedin. "I have spoken in detail with the
president, who is a former mujahedin member himself," he said. "We are
now working on registering names, an agenda, and a draft structure for a
nationwide mujahedin formation."
Wider, Ominous Trend
In the face of fierce opposition, Ismail Khan has since said he
regretted that his remarks were misinterpreted as suggesting that people
be armed and the mujahedin open another round of civil strife.
He also said in a press conference in Kabul on November 11 that evidence
proving he was rearming the militia was false and fabricated. "If we
have distributed even a single weapon, we are ready to be judged by the
Afghan people and accept the most severe punishment," Ismail Khan said.
"The governance there [in Herat] is weak. We need a powerful governor to
prevent insecurity."
Nevertheless, Ryan Evans, a research fellow at the Center for National
Policy, an independent think tank based in Washington, D.C., says Ismail
Khan's comments hint at a wider remobilization of former local and
regional militias.
Evans says the international presence has kept a lid on ongoing tensions
between the country's long-warring factions, but he expects that to
change as Western soldiers get closer to their expected withdrawal date.
"The conflict in Afghanistan is an aggregation of small local and
regional conflicts. Counterinsurgency has not solved any of these
conflicts," Evans explains. "So, what we're seeing from Ismail Khan is a
very natural reaction to that. We're going to see more of it as we get
closer to 2014, and after 2014 as local communities begin to arm
themselves."
Fears Of Fragmentation
Ismail Khan's idea to rearm local militias is nothing new. In fact, the
United States has made it its policy in recent years to rearm many of
the same militias it disarmed and demobilized at the beginning of the
war.
Since the U.S.-led invasion in 2001, Washington has spent millions on a
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration program for former
mujahedin, members of Western-backed jihadist groups who fought the
Soviet Union and later the Taliban. Former mujahedin commanders like
Ismail Khan were given high-ranking positions within the government in a
nod to national unity.
But with support from the Afghan Interior Ministry, the U.S. and British
militaries have changed course and trained and armed the Afghan Local
Police, a 13,000-strong force that is divided into some 80 units across
Afghanistan. The government-sponsored militias are intended to provide
security in remote villages across rural areas where the Taliban-led
insurgency is strongest.
In theory, these local militias are meant to come under the command of
the existing national security forces' hierarchy. But in reality, their
allegiance lies with local warlords.
Evans says the biggest concern about these local and regional militias
is the strain they will impose on the "institutional coherence" of the
Afghan security forces. He says that strain may lead to the crumbling of
the national security forces along factional, tribal, and ethnic lines.
That was the case in the early 1990s, when such a fragmentation
precipitated the fall of the leftist Afghan government and led to civil
war.
"When you create militias alongside [the national security forces] that
don't fit very neatly in their command structure, you're imposing a
strain on the force that could fragment the force after the ISAF
draw-down," Evans says. "Afghanistan's biggest concern is actually not
the Taliban but the fragmentation of the Afghan national security forces
and how that can lead to civil war."
Rumors Of War
Afghan lawmakers vented their anger at Ismail Khan during a session of
the Afghan upper house on November 10. Mohammad Amin Safi, a senator and
head of the Internal Security Committee, said Ismail Khan's move was
"illegal" and would further destabilize the country.
"The consequences of these actions will be harmful. Local people will be
threatened by these militias. Weapons shouldn't be distributed by
individuals. I will find out where the weapons came from because they
weren't from the government," Amin Safi said.
"If the mujahedin want to defend Afghanistan they should do so inside the framework of the Defense and Interior ministries."
His comments come after Mahiuddin Noor, the provincial spokesman in
Herat, brandished documents to reporters on November 7 claiming Ismail
Khan had begun distributing small arms to the militia.
Khuwaja Shamsuddin, a former militia member under Ismail Khan who was
speaking the same day to Afghanistan's Tolo TV, denied weapons had been
distributed but said that "30 to 40 mujahedin units" had been
inaugurated and their commanders assigned.
Daud Shah Saba, governor of Herat Province, said Ismail Khan's actions
were a criminal offense and were being investigated. He said Ismail Khan
began reorganizing the militia several months ago. Saba said the
authorities originally mistook the militia for a civil movement but soon
realized its "military and political objectives."
"We are receiving information from various villages and districts that
people are being mobilized and have been promised various weapons," he
said. "We even have information about their salaries."
RFE/RL's Radio Free Afghanistan contributed to this report