GENEVA (IDN) - When long forgotten African leaders set up the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963, coordinating and intensifying regional cooperation in order to achieve a better life for the people of the newly liberated continent was an important item on their agenda.
Fifty years later, a UN report says that efforts to date to spur jointly reinforcing economic growth on the continent have relied on a “textbook” and “linear” approach to regional cooperation that does not fit with the situation in Africa, world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent with than one billion people.
What is required is a “21st century approach to dealing with 21st century challenges”, stresses The Economic Development in Africa Report 2013, subtitled Intra-African Trade Unlocking Private Sector Dynamism.
The report released by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) on July 11, 2013 asks African countries to adopt a new approach to regional integration, referred to as “developmental regionalism”.
Developmental regionalism encompasses cooperation among countries in a broader range of areas than just trade and trade facilitation, to include – for example – investment, research and development, as well as policies aimed at accelerating regional industrial development and regional infrastructure provision, such as the building of better networks of roads and railways, says an official summary of the report.
It recalls the African leaders’ 2012 decision to eliminate barriers to intra-African trade and usher in vibrant regional markets, and notes that harvesting resultant benefits would depend on an expansion of the continent’s private sector.
Selling in nearby markets gives firms cost advantages through proximity, potentially reduced transport expenses, better knowledge that allows goods to be fitted to local conditions, and, if sufficient customers can be found, enough critical mass to justify expanding industry, says the report.
“But additional holistic approaches – a form of enhanced teamwork – are required of African governments to enable the private sector to expand and thrive,” the report says, adding that experiences elsewhere in the world indicate that setting up regional markets will result in a greater demand for goods; African businesses must therefore be encouraged and enabled to provide goods or they will lose out to foreign competitors, the report warns.
Tools
The study underlines the need for enhancing the capabilities of African countries so that they can produce a wider range of sophisticated goods that they can then trade with one another – a process that economists call expanding productive capacity. The report says that regional industrial policies are an important tool for developmental regionalism. African countries need to coordinate their national industrial policies around regional industrial policies in order to build complementarities in what can be produced and traded within Africa.
According to the report, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has such a regional industrial policy but it has yet to be fully implemend. One of its objectives is to promote local processing and the creation of value added in the sectors and subsectors where Africa as a whole enjoys high comparative advantage – such as mining, and the processing of agricultural products.
“The concurrent development of national and regional industrial policies can stimulate the development of regional industrial value chains in Africa, in turn offering African countries larger opportunities to trade more goods among themselves. Examples are the cotton-textile-apparel value chain, and the livestock-meat-canned products value chain,” says the report.
Private sector
According to the study, a second element of developmental regionalism lies in strengthening the capacity of the private sector in Africa as an important driver for expanding regional cooperation. But so far, in Africa, governments have been the only active force for regional integration, while the private sector has remained a passive participant in the process, the report contends.
Against this backdrop, it pleads for creating mechanisms for constant dialogue between States and the private sector so that the problems and challenges faced by existing and prospective businesses are clear to governments, and well-coordinated plans can be established for dealing with them.
The report cites Mauritius as an example: The Joint Economic Council, a coordinating body of the Mauritian private sector, meets on a regular basis with the Government to discuss broad economic policies.
A third element of developmental regionalism consists in building economic linkages among African economies in specific sectors of activity, through the creation of “development corridors”, the report says.
It argues that developmental regionalism goes beyond trade, and encompasses cooperation among African countries in a wide range of areas including investments in transport and in production-related infrastructure, as well as in agriculture and industrial projects.
International competitiveness
The report further points out that cooperation in a wide range of areas can help African countries build international competitiveness. It notes with satisfaction that the Maputo Development Corridor, linking Gauteng Province in South Africa to the port of Maputo in Mozambique, has been hailed as a successful, true transport corridor that has unlocked landlocked provinces in one of the most highly industrialized and productive regions of Southern Africa.
Presently, more than 20 corridors are in operation in Africa. But most tend to be traditional transport corridors. There is therefore a need to go beyond that and to create industrial development corridors as well, the report says.
Developmental regionalism is not a vague concept, the report notes. It is actually being carried out elsewhere. An example is the Greater Mekong Subregion Project in South-East Asia, which is promoting economic linkages and boosting development among six countries sharing the Mekong River (Cambodia, China, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam), with assistance from the Asian Development Bank.
The joint strategic development programme is based, among other things, on public–private partnerships, shared use of natural resources, and the creation of economic development corridors. One new project involves marketing the Mekong area as a single travel and tourism destination.
“While there are elements of a “developmental” integration agenda in some African subregions, such as the proposed Tripartite Free Trade Area that will cover 26 countries mostly in Eastern and Southern Africa,” the report says that “more numerous and more comprehensive developmental integration programmes should be designed and implemented in Africa.” [IDN-InDepthNews – August 1, 2013]
2013 IDN-InDepthNews | Analysis That Matters
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